Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Medical Education Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, Saint Louis, USA. Electronic address: cghaznavi@keio.jp.

Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.

Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan; Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.

Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.

Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Center for Birth Cohort Studies, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.

Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan.