Streptococcus mutans is a major caries-causing bacterium that forms firmly attached biofilms on tooth surfaces. Biofilm formation by S. mutans consists of polysaccharide-dependent and polysaccharide-independent processes. Among polysaccharide-independent processes, extracellular DNA (eDNA) mediates the initial attachment of cells to surfaces. We previously reported that the secreted peptide signal, competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) induced cell death in a subpopulation of cells, leading to autolysis-mediated eDNA release. The autolysin gene lytF, the expression of which is stimulated by CSP, has been shown to mediate CSP-dependent cell death, while cell death was not entirely abolished in the lytF deletion mutant, indicating the involvement of other factors. To identify novel genes involved in CSP-dependent cell death, we herein compared transcriptomes between live and dead cells derived from an isogenic population. The results obtained revealed the accumulation of several mRNAs in dead cells. The deletion of SMU_1553c, a putative bacteriocin gene, resulted in significant reductions in CSP-induced cell death and eDNA production levels from those in the parental strain. Moreover, in the double mutant strain of lytF and SMU_1553c, cell death and eDNA production in response to synthetic CSP were completely abolished under both planktonic and biofilm conditions. These results indicate that SMU_1553c is a novel cell death-related factor that contributes to CSP-dependent cell death and eDNA production.