This study investigated the content of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress levels in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with high myopia (HM) and explored the relationship between these factors and the axial length (AL) of the eye, to explore the roles of mild intraocular inflammation and oxidative stress imbalance in the occurrence and development of myopia. AH samples from 40 patients (70 eyes) were collected during implantable collamer lens (ICL-V4c) surgery. The subjects were divided into three groups according to AL: group A (AL ≤ 26 mm), group B (26 < AL ≤ 28 mm), and group C (AL ≥ 28 mm). The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the AH of the three groups were measured using the Luminex system. Oxidative stress levels were measured using reagent kits targeting total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and nitric oxide (NO) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content. The results showed compared with group A, IL-1β, MMP-2, and IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher and T-AOC levels were significantly lower in group C. There were no significant differences in CAT, NO, MDA, or TNF-α levels among the groups. The concentrations of IL-6 (r = 0.379, p = 0.016), MMP-2 (r = 0.469, p = 0.002), and MDA (r = 0.354, p = 0.025) in AH were positively correlated with the AL, whereas T-AOC (r = -0.678, p = 0.000) was negatively correlated with AL. These results suggest that mild intraocular inflammation and oxidative stress imbalance may be associated with myopia. Further experiments are needed to confirm the role of mild intraocular inflammation and oxidative stress imbalance in the occurrence and development of myopia.
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