Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) are specific for Graves’ disease (GD) and play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of GD. TRAb assays have recently been greatly improved. This review discusses the clinical application of TRAb in the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, the prognosis of GD, GD in gestation and pediatrics, and GD related ophthalmopathy (GO). In addition to the classical competition and bioassays, a new bridging assay has emerged for TRAb assays. TRAb is the main pathogenic mechanism of hyperthyroidism in GD. Treated GD still has a high rate of recurrence and even a short-term surge of TRAb, leading to rapid deterioration of GO. Fetal goiter may be associated with elevated maternal TRAb during pregnancy, overtreatment may lead to fetal hypothyroidism. Pediatric patients with GD have high TRAb, poor remission from treatment, and insignificant manifestations of GO. TRAb is significantly correlated with GO activity and severity. Currently, TRAb assay has high specificity and sensitivity and can be used directly to identify the cause of hyperthyroidism. TRAb can be used to predict recurrence of drug treated GD or progression of GO after RAI therapy. TRAb should be measured regularly for GD in gestation to guide anti-thyroid medication to avoid thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism in the fetus. Monitoring TRAb in pediatric GD may help control the progression of GO. TRAb assay is an important guide for the treatment of GO.
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