In people with both HBV and HCV, the two viruses seem to interact and keep each other in check. HBV DNA viral load is often low or undetectable and HCV is typically the main driver of active liver disease. But when hepatitis C is cured with DAAs, HBV has an opportunity to reactivate, often indicated by a rapid increase in HBV DNA and ALT liver enzyme levels and sometimes jaundice (yellow skin and eyes due to elevated bilirubin). In severe cases it can lead to fulminant hepatitis, liver failure and death. This phenomenon may not have been apparent in the interferon era because interferon alfa is active against both viruses.
The American Association for the Study of the Liver (AASLD) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) issued new recommendations for HBV/HCV co-infected patients in a September 16 update to its HCV Guidance: Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C, available at www.hcvguidelines.org.
The revised recommendation states:
- All patients initiating HCV direct-acting antiviral therapy should be assessed for HBV coinfection with HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc.
- For HBsAg+ patients who are not already on HBV suppressive therapy, monitoring of HBV DNA levels during and immediately after DAA therapy for HCV is recommended and antiviral treatment for HBV should be given if treatment criteria for HBV are met.
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface and core antibodies (anti-HBs and anti-HBc, respectively) are measured to determine HBV infection status. People who are antigen or antibody positive should also have an HBV DNA viral load test to see if the virus is actively replicating.
Updated guidelines from the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), released last month at a special meeting in Paris, likewise state that people coinfected with HBV and HCV can be treated for hepatitis C using the generally recommended regimens, but “If chronic hepatitis B or ‘occult’ HBV infection is detected, concurrent HBV nucleoside/nucleotide analogue therapy is indicated.”
The EASL guidelines also recommend testing for the presence of hepatitis delta virus, which only occurs in people with hepatitis B. ‘Occult’ HBV infection is when HBV DNA is detectable in HBsAg-negative individuals.
The AASLD/IDSA and EASL panels both recommend that patients who meet criteria for treatment of active HBV infection should start nucleoside/nucleotide antivirals such as entecavir (Baraclude) or tenofovir (Viread) at the same time as — or before — initiating hepatitis C DAA therapy.
People with low or undetectable HBV DNA levels should be monitored at regular intervals during hepatitis C treatment and post-treatment follow-up to check for HBV reactivation, and started on hepatitis B antivirals if they meet treatment criteria.
People who have resolved HBV infection — either due to spontaneous clearance or prior successful antiviral therapy — should also be monitored for HBV reactivation during hepatitis C treatment and follow-up.
People who remain susceptible to hepatitis B should receive the HBV vaccine.
“Cases of HBV reactivation (an increase of the HBV virus) during or after DAA therapy for HCV have been reported in HBV/HCV co-infected patients who were not already on HBV suppressive therapy,” Raymond Chung, co-chair of the AASLD/IDSA HCV Guidance Panel, said in a press release announcing the changes. “The severity of these cases have ranged from mild to severe fulminant liver injury that can be life threatening. While we do not know how frequently this occurs, the Guidance Panel recommends HBV testing for all patients beginning DAA treatment for HCV.”
According to a Drug Safety Communication issued on October 4, an FDA review identified 24 confirmed cases of HBV reactivation — either reported to the agency or described in published literature — in HBV/HCV co-infected people treated with DAAs between November 2013 and July 2016. HBV reactivation usually occurred within 4 to 8 weeks (average 52 days) after starting DAA therapy, and was seen in people with both detectable and undetectable HBV DNA at baseline.
Some cases resulted in fulminant hepatitis or liver failure. Among the reported cases, three patients experienced hepatic decompensation, one required a liver transplant, and two died. Half the patients received hepatitis B treatment, most of whom then experienced decreases in HBV DNA and improvement of symptoms. In several cases liver enzyme elevations were initially mistakenly attributed to DAA toxicity and hepatitis C treatment was stopped unnecessarily.
The FDA noted that HBV reactivation was not reported as an adverse event in clinical trials supporting DAA approval because people with hepatitis B were excluded from these phase 3 studies.
Earlier this year the European Medicines Agency announced that its Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee had started a review of approved DAAs following reports of HBV reactivation in people treated for hepatitis C. Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency said it would conduct a similar review.
The FDA will now require a boxed warning for all DAAs. The warning applies to the following DAAs and DAA coformulations used in interferon-free regimens:
- Daklinza (daclatasvir)
- Olysio (simeprevir)
- Sovaldi (sofosbuvir)
- Epclusa (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir)
- Harvoni (sofosbuvir/ledipasvir)
- Technivie or Viekirax (paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir)
- Viekira Pak or Viekira XR (paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir/dasabuvir)
- Zepatier (grazoprevir/elbasvir)
The EMA review also includes Exviera, or dasabuvir alone, which is not sold separately in the US. The FDA review does not include the older DAAs boceprevir (Victrelis) and telaprevir (Incivo or Incivek), which are used with pegylated interferon.
The FDA advises that people taking DAAs should contact their healthcare provider immediately if they develop symptoms of liver problems including fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, jaundice or light-coloured stools. However, patients should not stop treatment without first consulting their provider, as stopping DAAs prematurely could lead to HCV becoming drug-resistant and limiting future treatment options.
Source: Adapted from aidsmap
References
AASLD/ISDA. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Updated September 16, 2016.
Pawlotsky JM et al. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2016. Journal of Hepatology, in press, 2016.
Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about the risk of hepatitis B reactivating in some patients treated with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C. October 4, 2016.
